Dark circles are discoloration or shadows under the eyes, often caused by factors like genetics, lack of sleep, aging, dehydration, or allergies. They can make the eyes appear tired and sunken, and may be accompanied by puffiness.

Dark circles under the eyes can result from several anatomical factors, including:

1. Thin Skin: making underlying blood vessels more visible, leading to a darker appearance.
2. Blood Vessel Congestion: cause a bluish or purplish tint under the eyes.
3. Fat Loss & Volume Depletion: creating hollows (tear troughs) that cast shadows.
4. Hyperpigmentation: can cause darker skin under the eyes.
5. Orbital Bone Structure: deep-set eyes or prominent tear troughs can create natural shadows, making dark circles more pronounced.
6. Lymphatic Drainage Issues: fluid retention and poor lymphatic circulation can cause puffiness.

These factors often combine, making dark circles more noticeable depending on age, genetics, and lifestyle.

Medical treatments for dark circles target pigmentation, vascular issues, and volume loss. Common options include:

1. Topical Treatments:
   • Retinoids: Stimulate collagen production and reduce pigmentation.
   • Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid, Vitamin C: Lighten hyperpigmentation.
   • Caffeine-based creams: Reduce puffiness and improve circulation.
2. Injectible Treatments:
   • Dermal Fillers (Hyaluronic Acid): Restore volume in the tear trough area, reducing shadowing.
   • PRP, PRF, Exosomes and Polynucleotides: Stimulates collagen and improves skin texture.
3. Laser & Light Therapy
   • Fractional CO2 Laser: Improves skin thickness and stimulates collagen.
   • PicoWay: Targets pigmentation.
   • Nd:Yag: Targets vascular issues.
4. Chemical Peels
   • Mild Peels: Reduce pigmentation and improve skin texture.
5. Microneedling & Radiofrequency
   Stimulates collagen production and enhances skin firmness.

A customized treatment plan based on the underlying cause is essential for effective results.